Spreadsheets have been used by accountants for hundreds of years. Computerized or electronic spreadsheets are of much more recent origin. Information Systems oral history and some published newspaper and magazine stories celebrate Dan Bricklin as the 'father' of the electronic spreadsheet. In 1978, Harvard Business School student, Daniel Bricklin, came up with the idea for an interactive visible calculator (see email from Frankston, 4/15/1999a). Bricklin and Bob Frankston then co-invented or co-created the software program VisiCalc. We can look back and recognize that VisiCalc was the first 'killer' application for personal computers.
Microsoft developed a competing spreadsheet, and the first version of Excel was released in 1985 for Apple Inc.’s Macintosh computer. Featuring strong graphics and fast processing, the new application quickly became popular. Lotus 1-2-3 was not available for the Macintosh, which allowed Excel to gain a following among Macintosh users. Broadly released alongside Windows Vista. First version to officially be supported on Windows 8, Windows 8.1, and Windows 10, and last version to support the 64-bit versions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003. First version to use the new Ribbon user interface with tabbed menus. First version to have Calibri as the default font across all. The table is ordered by release date, with the most recent release date listed first. For more information about update channels, see Overview of update channels for Microsoft 365 Apps. The following table lists the supported version, and the most current build number, for each update channel.
l-r Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston approx. 1980
What is a spreadsheet?
In the realm of accounting jargon a 'spread sheet' or spreadsheet was and is a large sheet of paper with columns and rows that organizes data about transactions for a business person to examine. It spreads or shows all of the costs, income, taxes, and other related data on a single sheet of paper for a manager to examine when making a decision.
An electronic spreadsheet organizes information into software defined columns and rows. The data can then be 'added up' by a formula to give a total or sum. The spreadsheet program summarizes information from many paper sources in one place and presents the information in a format to help a decision maker see the financial 'big picture' for the company.
Beginnings and the 'Tale of VisiCalc'
In 1961, Professor Richard Mattessich pioneered the development of computerized speadsheets for use in business accounting. Some historical information on the computerization of accounting spread sheets using mainframe computers is discussed on Mattessich's web page 'Spreadsheet: Its First Computerization (1961-1964)'. Rene Pardo and Remy Landau co-invented 'LANPAR' LANguage for Programming Arrays at Random in 1969. This electronic spreadsheet type application was used for budgeting at Bell Canada, AT&T, Bell operating companies, and General Motors. They received a US patent (no. 4,398,249) for LANPAR in August 1982 after 12 years of litigation. Mattessich, Pardoe and Landau's work and that of other developers of spreadsheets on mainframe computers probably had no influence on Bricklin and Frankston. Therefore, a history of the modern era of microcomputer-based electronic spreadsheets should begin with the 'Tale of VisiCalc'.
The tale of VisiCalc is part myth and part fact for most of us. The story is that Dan Bricklin was preparing a spread sheet analysis for a Harvard Business School 'case study' report and had two alternatives: 1) do it by hand or 2) use a clumsy time-sharing mainframe program. Bricklin thought there must be a better way. He wanted a program where people could visualize the spreadsheet as they created it. His metaphor was 'an electronic blackboard and electronic chalk in a classroom.'
By the fall of 1978, Bricklin had programmed the first working prototype of his concept in integer basic. The program helped users input and manipulate a matrix of five columns and 20 rows. The first version was not very 'powerful' so Bricklin recruited an MIT acquaintance Bob Frankston to improve and expand the program. Bricklin calls Frankston the 'co-creator' of the electronic spreadsheet. Frankston created the production code with faster speed, better arithmetic, and scrolling. He also expanded the program and 'packed the code into a mere 20k of machine memory, making it both powerful and practical enough to be run on a microcomputer'. For more details check Dan Bricklin's email from May 12, 1999.
During the fall of 1978, Daniel Fylstra, founding Associate Editor of Byte Magazine, joined Bricklin and Frankston in developing VisiCalc. Fylstra was also an MIT/HBS graduate. Fylstra was 'marketing-oriented' and suggested that the product would be viable if it could run on an Apple micro-computer. Bricklin and Frankston formed Software Arts Corporation on January 2, 1979. In May 1979, Fylstra and his firm Personal Software (later renamed VisiCorp) began marketing 'VisiCalc' with a teaser ad in Byte Magazine. The name 'VisiCalc' is a compressed form of the phrase 'visible calculator' (see email from Frankston, 4/15/1999b).
VisiCalc became an almost instant success and provided many business people with an incentive to purchase a personal computer or an H-P 85 or 87 calculator from Hewlett-Packard (cf., Jim Ho, 1999). About 1 million copies of the spreadsheet program were sold during VisiCalc's product lifetime. Dan Bricklin has his version of the history of Software Arts and VisiCalc on the web at www.bricklin.com/history/sai.htm. Bricklin includes early ads and reviews and pictures of the VisiCalc packaging and screenshots.
What came after VisiCalc?
The market for electronic spreadsheet software was growing rapidly in the early 1980s and VisiCalc stakeholders were slow to respond to the introduction of the IBM PC that used an Intel computer chip. Beginning in September 1983, legal conflicts between VisiCorp and Software Arts distracted the VisiCalc developers, Bricklin and Frankston. During this period, Mitch Kapor developed Lotus and his spreadsheet program quickly became the new industry spreadsheet standard.
What is Lotus 1-2-3?
Lotus 1-2-3 made it easier to use spreadsheets and it added integrated charting, plotting and database capabilities. Lotus 1-2-3 established spreadsheet software as a major data presentation package as well as a complex calculation tool. Lotus was also the first spreadsheet vendor to introduce naming cells, cell ranges and spreadsheet macros. Kapor was the VisiCalc product manager at Personal Software for about six months in 1980; he also designed and programmed Visiplot/Visitrend which he sold to Personal Software (VisiCorp)for $1 million. Part of that money along with funds from venture capitalist Ben Rosen were used to start Lotus Development Corporation in 1982. Kapor cofounded Lotus Development Corporation with Jonathan Sachs. Before he cofounded Lotus, Kapor disclosed and offered Personal Software (VisiCorp) his initial Lotus program. Supposedly VisiCorp executives declined the offer because Lotus 1-2-3's functionality was 'too limited'. Lotus 1-2-3 is still one of the all-time best selling application software packages in the world (see email from Mitch Kapor, 04/15/1999).
Kapor served as the President and Chief Executive Officer of Lotus from 1982 to 1986 and as a Director until 1987. In 1983, Lotus’ first year of operations, the company reported revenues of $53 Million and had a successful public offering. In 1984, Lotus tripled in revenue to $156 Million. The number of employees at Lotus grew to over a thousand by 1985. This rapid growth led to a shakeout in the spreadsheet segment of the personal computer software industry.
In 1985, Lotus Development acquired Software Arts and discontinued the VisiCalc program. A Lotus spokeperson indicated at that time that '1-2-3 and Symphony are much better products so Visicalc is no longer necessary.'
What about Microsoft Excel and Bill Gates?
The next milestone was the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. Excel was originally written for the 512K Apple Macintosh in 1984-1985. Excel was one of the first spreadsheets to use a graphical interface with pull down menus and a point and click capability using a mouse pointing device. The Excel spreadsheet with a graphical user interface was easier for most people to use than the command line interface of PC-DOS spreadsheet products. Many people bought Apple Macintoshes so that they could use Bill Gates' Excel spreadsheet program. There is some controversy about whether a graphical version of Microsoft Excel was released in a DOS version. Microsoft documents show the launch of Excel 2.0 for MS-DOS version 3.0 on 10/31/87.
When Microsoft launched the Windows operating system in 1987, Excel was one of the first application products released for it. When Windows finally gained wide acceptance with Version 3.0 in late 1989 Excel was Microsoft's flagship product. For nearly 3 years, Excel remained the only Windows spreadsheet program and it has only received competition from other spreadsheet products since the summer of 1992.
By the late 1980s many companies had introduced spreadsheet products. Spreadsheet products and the spreadsheet software industry were maturing. Microsoft and Bill Gates had joined the fray with the innovative Excel spreadsheet. Lotus had acquired Software Arts and the rights to VisiCalc. Jim Manzi had become CEO at Lotus in April 1986 and in July 1986 Mitch Kapor resigned as Chairman of the Board. The spreadsheet entrepreneurs were moving on ..
Legal Battles
In January of 1987, Lotus Development filed suit against Paperback Software and separately against Mosaic Software claiming they had infinged on the Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet software. In a related matter, Software Arts, the developerof the original VisiCalc spreadsheet software filed a separate action against Lotus claiming that Lotus 1-2-3 was an infringement of VisiCalc. Briefly, Lotus won the legal battles, but lost the 'market share war' to Microsoft. According to Russo and Nafziger (1993) 'The Court granted Lotus' motion dismissing the Software Arts' action and confirming that Lotus had acquired all rights, including all claims, as part of the earlier transaction.'
Most people have probably forgotten the Lotus clones, TWIN and VP Planner. Twin was designed to work like Lotus' 1-2-3 and advertising proclaimed it 'offers you so much more, for so muchless.' Paperback Software published a spreadsheet software product called VP Planner.
Russo and Nafziger note 'Both Mosaic's TWIN and Paperback's VP Planner had most of the same features, commands, macro language, syntax, organization and sequence of menus and messages as Lotus' 1-2-3. Their visual displays were not however identical to 1-2-3 or to each other. Both TWIN and VPPlanner reorganized and placed their respective menus, sub-menus, prompts and messages on the bottom of the screen.'
On June 28, 1990, Judge Keeton of the Federal District Court in Boston upheld the copyright of the Lotus 1-2-3 user interface. The Court ruled that '[t]his particular expression of a menu structure is not essential to theelectronic spreadsheet idea, nor does it merge with the somewhat less abstract idea of a menu structure for an electronic spreadsheet..the overall structure, the order of commands in each menu line, the choice of letters, words, or 'symbolic tokens' to represent each command, the presentation of these symbolic tokens on the screen, the type of menu system used, and the long prompts -- could be expressed in a great many if not literally unlimited number of ways.' Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Paperback Software Int'l, 740 F.Supp. 37, 67 (D.Mass. 1990).
What about recent history?
In the late spring of 1995, IBM acquired Lotus Development and Microsoft Excel is the spreadsheet market leader.
In October 2003, Dan Bricklin is working at Interland, Inc. at interland.com and he is maintaining an interesting Web Site at URL www.bricklin.com. Dan has VisiCalc at his site. Lotus gave him permission to post a working copy of the 1981 IBM PC version of the VisiCalc spreadsheet program on his web site. You can download it and run it on a PC using MSDOS in Windows 95 or 98.
Bob Frankston is 'pursuing a number of projects ..' at www.frankston.com.
According to a Red Herring Profile, Mitch Kapor 'gradually traded in his position as an entrepreneur searching for the next big technology idea for the long-term advisory role of angel investor'. In January, 1999, Mitch Kapor joined Accel Partners, a venture capital firm based in Palo Alto, California (URL http://www.accel.com/). Mitch's web site is Kapor Enterprises, Inc. at http://www.kei.com/.
Currently, Dan Fylstra is president of PC software vendor Frontline Systems, Inc. at www.frontsys.com. Frontline Systems Inc. is a developer of spreadsheet solver add-ins for Excel, Lotus 123 and other spreadsheet programs. A solver add-in can be used for both equation-solving (often called goalseeking) and for constrained optimization using linear programming, nonlinear programming, and integer programming methods.
Professor Richard Mattessich is retired and an emeritus Professor of Commerce and Business Administration at the University of British Columbia (email: [email protected]).
Major computer events in 1987
IBM introduced the PS/2 personal computer that has improved graphics, a 3.5-inch diskette drive, proprietary bus to help prevent clones, and a bidirectional 8-bit port.
CompuServe introduced the GIF standard and images in 1987.
Development of ImageMagick began in 1987.
IBM introduced VGA in 1987.
Texas Instruments developed Digital Light Processing in 1987.
Other computer events in 1987
Steve Wozniak ended his employment with Apple on February 6, 1987.
Robert Noyce was awarded the National Medal of Technology.
The first SXSW festival was held in March.
The first version of Microsoft Excel - version 2.0 for Microsoft Windows was released in 1987.
The first ARM processor computer, the Acorn Archimedes was released.
IBM developed 8514/A in 1987.
The first e-mail from China was sent to its connection in Germany on September 20, 1987.
On November 22, 1987, a Chicago PBS affiliate WTTW-11 TV broadcast got hacked by a person wearing a Max Headroom mask.
The Oberon System multitasking operating system was released in 1987.
Trident Microsystems was founded in 1987.
New computer products and services introduced in 1987
The AdLib sound card and the first mass-market PC sound card was released.
Hypercard was introduced by Apple in 1987.
Microsoft introduced Microsoft Works in 1987.
Microsoft released Word 3 for Mac in 1987.
The ISO 9000 set of standards was first introduced in 1987.
Apple introduced the Newton platform in 1987.
Dolby AC-1 was introduced in 1987.
Microsoft and IBM release OS/2 1.0 in 1987.
The Mac SE was introduced at $2,900 in 1987.
The first version of Adobe Illustrator was released for the Apple Macintosh in January 1987.
MS-DOS 3.3 was released in April 1987.
John McAfee creates VirusScan one of the first antivirus programs and later helps create the McAfee company.
File juicer 4 64 download free. IBM introduced MCA.
OLED is introduced.
The SPARC processor was first introduced by Sun in 1987.
Andrew Tanenbaum released the MINIX operating system in 1987.
Microsoft introduced Windows 2.0 on December 9, 1987.
Larry Wall released the first version of Perl on December 18, 1987, version 1.0.
Intel released the 80387DX mathematical coprocessor.
Internet domains that came online in 1987
The domain apple.com came online on February 19, 1987.
The domain cisco.com came online on May 14, 1987.
Computer companies founded in 1987
Realtek was founded in October 1987.
A4Tech was founded in 1987.
ALi was founded in 1987.
Apogee was founded in 1987. Apogee is well known for its computer games and the company who first released a shareware game.
Avid was established in 1987.
Brodxent was founded in 1987.
History Of Microsoft Office - Wikipedia
CMD Technology was founded in 1987.
Microsoft Excel Version History | ILearn
CNetUSA was founded in 1987.
Elitegroup Computer Systems was established in 1987.
Huawei was founded in 1987.
Kingston was founded in 1987.
Konexx was founded in 1987.
Maxdata was founded in 1987.
Mecer was founded in 1987.
Minicom Advanced Systems was founded in 1987.
Oak Technology was founded in 1987.
Right Hemisphere was formed in 1987 in Auckland New Zealand.
The company Serif was founded in 1987.
Silicom was founded in 1987 by Avi Eizenman.
SiS was founded in 1987.
Sonic Solutions was founded in 1987.
STMicroelectronics was founded in 1987.
Techsmith was founded in 1987,
TSMC was founded in 1987.
VIA Technologies was founded in 1987.
ViewSonic was founded in 1987.
Computer company events in 1987
What Year Did Excel Release Its First Version? - Answers
AMD and Monolithic Memories Inc. agree to merge in April 1987.
Microsoft Excel’s History - Excel Dimensions
IBM sends clone manufacturers letters demanding retroactive licensing fees.
Microsoft acquired Forethought on June 29, 1987, the developer of what we know today as Microsoft PowerPoint.
Microsoft transferred its ownership of the Xenix operating system to SCO in 1987.
Microsoft Excel | Description & History | Britannica
Microsoft shares hit $100 per share in 1987.
Centronics purchased by Genicom in 1987.
Novell acquired Softcraft Inc. the developers of Btrieve in 1987.
Computer-related movies and TV shows released in 1987
Star Trek: The Next Generation TV show premiers for the first time in 1987.
Computer pioneers born in 1987
Alan Schaaf was born on October 21, 1987.
Computer pioneer deaths in 1987
Russel Ohl passed away in March 1987 (Age: 89).
Walter Brattain passed away on October 13, 1987 (Age: 85).